- Repression: Unconsciously pushing distressing thoughts, feelings, or memories out of conscious awareness.
- Denial: Refusing to accept or acknowledge the reality of a traumatic or anxiety-producing situation.
- Projection: Attributing one’s own unacceptable or threatening thoughts, feelings, or motives onto someone else.
- Displacement: Redirecting an impulse, emotion, or reaction from a dangerous or unacceptable target to a safe, less threatening one.
- Reaction Formation: Behaving in a way that is the exact opposite of one's true, often uncomfortable or unacceptable, feelings.
- Rationalization: Creating false but seemingly logical justifications to explain away unacceptable behavior or negative outcomes.
- Intellectualization: Focusing on the intellectual, logical, or academic aspects of a distressing situation to avoid experiencing the painful emotions tied to it.
- Sublimation: Channeling unacceptable urges, impulses, or frustrations into socially acceptable, productive behaviors or activities.
- Regression: Reverting to an earlier, more childlike stage of development or behavior when faced with stress.
- Suppression: The conscious, intentional act of pushing distressing thoughts or feelings aside, with the plan to address them later.
- Compensation: Overachieving in one area to make up for perceived deficiencies or weaknesses in another area.
- Dissociation: Compartmentalizing or disconnecting from reality, one's identity, or one's physical surroundings in order to escape trauma or overwhelming stress.
- Identification: Adopting the beliefs, behaviors, or characteristics of another person or group in order to feel more secure or capable.
- Avoidance: Intentionally staying away from people, places, or situations that trigger distressing thoughts or emotions.
- Conversion: Expressing psychological distress or an unconscious conflict through physical, bodily symptoms with no underlying medical cause.
- Acting Out: Expressing an unconscious emotion or impulse directly through behavior rather than reflecting on or talking about the feeling.
- Splitting: Viewing people or situations as entirely "all good" or "all bad," lacking the ability to see gray areas or ambivalence in others.

